This page covers worker_runtime_mode: server — the daemon and cron patterns. Spora has two runtime modes; the full three-configuration overview is in Deployment modes. For the zero-config browser-driven mode (worker_runtime_mode: client), see Client-worker mode.

In server mode, the agent worker is either a long-lived daemon (php bin/spora worker:run --daemon, supervised by Docker / systemd / supervisord) or a once-per-minute cron entry (php bin/spora worker:run --once --include-queue). The daemon is the canonical pick for VPS / Docker / classical-server operators; the cron variant fits VPS / CI / batch environments where a long-lived process is impractical.

Shared-host operators: cron isn’t really viable here. Most cPanels cap cron execution at 30–60 seconds. A long LLM response loop gets SIGKILLed mid-step and the row is left in a half-finished orchestrator state that the reaper then flags as orphaned. For shared hosts, client-worker mode (SPORA_WORKER_RUNTIME_MODE=client in .env) is the intended path — the browser drives tasks, no daemon required.

Cron Mode (VPS / CI / Batch, worker_runtime_mode: server)

* * * * * /usr/bin/php /path/to/spora/bin/spora worker:run --once --include-queue >> /path/to/spora/storage/worker.log 2>&1

Each invocation:

1. Claims one due scheduled_runs_next entry (atomic UPDATE ... SET status = 'CLAIMED' WHERE status = 'PENDING' AND due_at <= now with LIMIT 1) and processes it
2. Claims the oldest QUEUED task (lockForUpdate)
3. Sets it to RUNNING
4. Processes it to completion (or PENDING_APPROVAL)
5. Exits

Backlog (further due scheduled runs and queued tasks) is picked up by the next cron fire, one entry per minute.

Timezone: The worker pins UTC internally before polling, so the host’s TZ environment variable or date.timezone PHP ini setting has no effect on schedule timing. Deployers on shared hosting do not need to configure their system clock — every due_at <= $now comparison happens against UTC. All timestamp columns on scheduled_runs and scheduled_runs_next are stored in UTC.

Limitation: If a task takes longer than one minute, the next cron fire will start a second worker while the first is still running. Both run concurrently — lockForUpdate prevents double-claiming the same task, so no data corruption occurs. However, both processes consume memory and CPU, and the LLM provider receives parallel requests. For tasks that regularly exceed 1 minute, use daemon mode instead, or flip to client-worker mode (SPORA_WORKER_RUNTIME_MODE=client in .env) and let the browser drive the tasks.

Daemon Mode (VPS / Docker)

php bin/spora worker:run --daemon

The daemon polls both the QUEUED task queue and the scheduled_runs_next table every iteration. It runs until SIGTERM or SIGINT.

Options (defined at app/Console/Commands/WorkerRunCommand.php:61-68):

Flag	Default	Description
--daemon / -d	on (if neither --once nor --reap-only)	Run as persistent daemon (exit on SIGTERM/SIGINT)
--once	off	Process due scheduled_runs_next (and QUEUED tasks with --include-queue), then exit. Cron mode.
--include-queue	off	With --once: also drain the QUEUED task queue in the same run
--reap-only	off	Reap orphaned RUNNING tasks once, then exit. No queue processing.
--limit / -l	0 (unlimited)	Max QUEUED tasks to process per run (0 = unlimited)
--sleep / -s	500000 (μs = 0.5s)	Microseconds to sleep when the queue is empty
--stale-minutes	60 (config)	Minutes after which a RUNNING task is treated as orphaned (0 = disabled; omit to use config)
--workers / -w	0 (unlimited, config)	Max concurrent child processes (0 = unlimited, single-threaded)

--daemon, --once, and --reap-only are mutually exclusive (app/Console/Commands/WorkerRunCommand.php:81-92). If none is given, the command defaults to daemon mode.

Daemon + Docker Compose

worker:
  build: .
  command: php bin/spora worker:run --daemon
  restart: unless-stopped
  environment:
    SPORA_WORKER_RUNTIME_MODE: 'server'
    SPORA_SECRET_KEY: ${SPORA_SECRET_KEY}
    SPORA_DB_HOST: ${SPORA_DB_HOST}
    SPORA_DB_NAME: ${SPORA_DB_NAME}
    SPORA_DB_USER: ${SPORA_DB_USER}
    SPORA_DB_PASSWORD: ${SPORA_DB_PASSWORD}

restart: unless-stopped restarts the container after host reboots or Docker daemon restarts, but not after the process exits due to a bug — use a process supervisor (see below).

Daemon + Systemd

[Unit]
Description=Spora Agent Worker
After=network.target

[Service]
ExecStart=/usr/bin/php /var/www/spora/bin/spora worker:run --daemon
Restart=on-failure
RestartSec=10
User=www-data
WorkingDirectory=/var/www/spora

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

Restart=on-failure restarts the daemon after any non-zero exit (crash, OOM kill), with a 10-second backoff. Combine with guard@.service or a process manager for precise memory/CPU limits.

Process Supervisor (supervisord)

[program:spora-worker]
command=php /var/www/spora/bin/spora worker:run --daemon
autostart=true
autorestart=true
numprocs=1
redirect_stderr=true
stdout_logfile=/var/log/spora-worker.log

autorestart=true handles both crashes and unexpected exits. Set numprocs > 1 only if your database supports concurrent write transactions safely (PostgreSQL; not SQLite).

Stale Task Reaping

Tasks can be orphaned in RUNNING when a worker process is killed ungracefully (OOM, SIGKILL, server crash) between claiming a task and completing it.

The reaper sweeps all RUNNING tasks older than --stale-minutes and marks them FAILED. It runs:

• Daemon mode: At startup, then every 5 minutes regardless of queue state
• Cron mode: At startup (before the drain loop)

Note: The reaper runs inside the queue drain loop in daemon mode — it is triggered every 5 minutes even when the queue is non-empty. This ensures orphaned tasks are cleaned up even during sustained high load.

The --stale-minutes value should exceed your worst-case LLM round-trip time. Set it generously (at least 5 minutes) to avoid false positives on slow providers.

Concurrent Workers

Only one worker can process a given task simultaneously — the lockForUpdate() row lock in the claim transaction is the mechanism.

For multiple workers on the same machine:

• Daemon mode: Run multiple daemon processes with a process supervisor (numprocs=2). Each process is independent; the row lock handles contention. (Note: the daemon’s single-instance flock enforces only one daemon per host — the row lock is what allows multiple daemons across hosts to share the queue safely.)
• Cron mode: Running multiple identical cron entries is safe but wasteful — the flock lock file means only one process runs at a time, the others exit immediately. Use a single cron entry instead.
• Never run both daemon and cron workers against the same database — the daemon reaper and cron drain race on the same queue, and the second one will fail to acquire the flock. Pick one.

Single-Instance Enforcement

A flock() lock file at storage/spora-worker.lock prevents two worker processes (daemon or --once) from running against the same database at the same time (app/Console/Commands/WorkerRunCommand.php:113-117, 429-445). If a second worker starts, it exits immediately with an error rather than competing for tasks. --reap-only skips the lock so multiple reapers can co-exist.

The lock is automatically released if the process crashes (the OS closes the file descriptor).

Client mode skips this section. When worker_runtime_mode: client, bin/spora worker:run exits with a docs-link error; the per-host flock is not used. See Client-worker mode for the browser-driven equivalent.

PENDING_APPROVAL Tasks

Tasks in PENDING_APPROVAL status wait for human approval. There is no automatic timeout — the task remains paused indefinitely until the user approves or rejects the pending tool calls.

This is intentional: a human should make the decision, and the task can stay paused for as long as needed. If the task must be abandoned, delete it or use the database directly to set its status to FAILED.

Health Monitoring

Watch these signals of a healthy deployment (SQLite syntax — see footnote for MySQL/MariaDB):

-- Tasks stuck in QUEUED (queue not draining)
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM tasks WHERE status = 'QUEUED' AND created_at < datetime('now', '-5 minutes');

-- Tasks stuck in RUNNING (worker may be dead or stuck on LLM)
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM tasks WHERE status = 'RUNNING' AND updated_at < datetime('now', '-10 minutes');

Alert when either count is non-zero for more than 2 consecutive minutes.

MySQL / MariaDB: replace datetime('now', '-N minutes') with NOW() - INTERVAL N MINUTE (e.g. NOW() - INTERVAL 5 MINUTE).

Environment Variables Reference

See Environment variables for the consolidated reference. Most variables can also be set in config.php (gitignored, shared-hosting friendly) using the same snake_case config keys, or via SPORA_* env vars which take highest priority. Example: SPORA_WORKER_STALE_MINUTES=90 env var overrides worker_stale_minutes: 60 in config.php.

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Contributors: Fabian Graßl

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